تغییر اقلیم و تولد کشاورزی: گذار فرهنگی از جستجوی غذا به تولید غذا در جنوب غربی آسیا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه تاریخ و باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

دگرگونی‌های فرهنگی جوامع انسانی به عوامل گوناگونی بستگی دارد که یکی از مهم‌ترین آن‌ها تغییر اقلیم است. این پدیده با تغییر شکل محیط زیست می‌تواند امکانات معیشتی را گسترش دهد و یا محدود نماید. پژوهش‌های دیرین‌اقلیم و باستان‌شناسی نشان می‌دهند که تمایل جوامع انسانی به تغییر نظام معیشتی خود، بی‌ارتباط با دگرگونی‌های اقلیمی و محیطی نبوده است. این مقاله با بهره‌گیری از علوم مزبور، قصد دارد، به منظور شناخت وضعیت محیطی و زمان احتمالی آغاز فعالیت‌های کشاورزی در جنوب‌غربی آسیا، به‌ویژه ایران، به بررسی شرایط اقلیمی اواخر پلیستوسن و اوایل هولوسن بپردازد. به‌نظر می‌رسد، چالش‌های معیشتی مرتبط با نوسانات اقلیمی پی‌درپی در اواخر پلیستوسن بر درک بهتر انسان از توانایی‌ها و ضعف‌های خود و نیز امکانات بالقوة طبیعت پیرامونش افزوده است، به‌طوری‌که توانسته‌ است، با پشت‌سر گذاشتن دشوارترین تنش زیستی این دوره، موسوم به رویداد دریاس جوان (۹/۱۲ – ۷/۱۱ هزارسال‌پیش)، در اوایل هولوسن اولیه (۷/۱۱ – ۵/۱۰ هزار‌سال‌پیش)، از طریق کشت غلات مبادرت به تولید غذا نمایند. روند افزایش رطوبت طی هولوسن اولیه در مناطق قارّه‌ای (برخلاف مناطق نزدیک به دریا) بسیار آهسته صورت گرفته و این وضعیت، به احتمال زیاد، مانع توسعة امکانات زیست‌محیطی همگام با افزایش جمعیت بوده است. بنابراین، محتمل است که ابداع کشاورزی در مناطق قارّه‌ای برای سازگاری با دشواری‌های معیشتی در اوایل هولوسن اولیه رخ داده است. وقوع این پیشرفت بزرگ در مسیر دگرگشت فرهنگی انسان، بازتاب دهندة نقش مؤثر ارادة او در کاهش فشارهای طبیعت است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Climate change and the Birth of Agriculture: The cultural transition from foraging to food production in Southwest Asia

نویسنده [English]

  • Babak Shaikh Baikloo Islam
Department of History and Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The cultural transformations of human societies depend on various factors, one of the most important of which is climate change. This event can expand or limit livelihoods by changing the environment. Paleoclimate and archaeological studies show that the tendency of human societies to change their subsistence system was not unrelated to climate and environmental changes. Using these studies, this article examines the climatic conditions of the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene to identify the environmental situation and the probable time of the beginning of agricultural activities in Southwest Asia, especially Iran. It seems that the subsistence challenges associated with the continuous climate change of the late Pleistocene have increased man's understanding of his strengths and weaknesses, as well as the potential of nature around him so that he has been able to overcome the most difficult biological tension of this period, called the Younger Dryas(12.9–11.7kaBP) event, and then, in the early-early Holocene(11.7–10.5kaBP), he began to produce food through the cultivation of cereals. The process of increasing humidity during the early Holocene in the continental regions (as opposed to near the sea) was very slow, and this situation, most likely, hindered the development of environmental facilities in parallel with population growth. Thus, it is likely that the invention of agriculture in continental regions to adapt to livelihood difficulties occurred in the early-early Holocene. The occurrence of this great progress in the path of human cultural transformation reflects the effective role of his will in reducing the pressures of nature.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agriculture
  • Paleoclimate Research
  • Pleistocene
  • Younger Dryas
  • Holocene

🔓 © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group, Tehran, Iran. Open Access. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. The ethical policy of Ancient Iranian Studies is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and complies with International Committee of Ancient Iranian Studies Editorial Board codes of conduct. Readers, authors, reviewers and editors should follow these ethical policies once working with Ancient Iranian Studies. The ethical policy of Ancient Iranian Studies is liable to determine which of the typical research papers or articles submitted to the journal should be published in the concerned issue. For information on this matter in publishing and ethical guidelines please visit www.publicationethics.org.

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